demographic assumptions for life insurance

0000002136 00000 n V>[~N!` J;rH=Es"Z=|^G 2e!58ZA!8uNBxog&Mf`kuj7X.F3b D=z&/=OY_Vnigs1%#5jX4 AM(gP_jxXiZ[5>|_QEJE4 PSPgz%W`P$gVt WebLet me preface this article with all the usual caveats around assumptions and ball-park estimates. 119 0 obj <> endobj Download this white paper to learn how well-designed interventions can increase uptake, decrease cost and improve health in your workplace. In 1845, for instance, 105 men per thousand recruited for the army had been under the standard height of 5' 6". NO! NEVER! DO NOT rely on any life insurance policy for an investment payoff unless you like to get ripped off. Place your money in VANGUARD mutual We do not offer financial advice, advisory or brokerage services, nor do we recommend or advise individuals or to buy or sell particular stocks or securities. Households with a mean income up to $50,000 are 30 percent less likely to own life insurance than households with $75,000 or more. Throughout the document, we refer to an example assumption management framework that could be considered by practicing actuaries. Calculations might include the likelihood of investment returns and payout requirements so that a company can plan and account for funding requirements. A Forbes Advisor survey indicates that about seven in 10 Americans believe having poor credit should not lead to higher life insurance quotes. Disruption may be one of the most overused buzzwords in business today. However, with 10,000 baby boomers turning 65 every single day, there may not be a more appropriate way to describe the demographic changes that life insurance brokers must address. % More white (64%) than Black (37%) survey respondents cite wanting to shield their families from unpaid debt as the purpose of life insurance. What assumptions are material for Group Life insurance rates computation? For example, interest rate shouldn't be material because most policy are WebKeywords: Life Insurance, Customer awareness, Demand and supply Introduction Life insurance is a must for everyone because life is very precious. How Top Advisors Cut Through the Noise and Find the Right Tools, Eli Lilly caps the cost of insulin at $35 a month, following California lawsuit, Self-funded plans: Examining the pros, cons, and misconceptions, 3 benefit trends to watch in 2023 (and beyond), Hospital pricing survey finds networks more costly than independent hospitals, Cheryl Brown Merriwether | According to House Speaker Cameron Sexton, Attorney General Jonathan Skrmetti advised lawmakers that proposed changes to the so-called trigger law would better protect it from court challenges. "MDL-205, Annual Financial Reporting Model Regulation." 40% Percent of insured who wish they had purchased their policies at a younger age. The relationship reverses at the older ages (age 75+). A relatively small number of Americans view life insurance as a means of passing down generational wealth. 29% Percent of American adults who intend to buy their life insurance online. Employers are in a powerful position to help improve heart health and reduce heart risk, while potentially reducing cardiovascular spend by offering a digital program as an employee benefit. In the next paper in this series, we will further discuss segmenting the U.S. general population data by socio-economic status to derive improvement trends relevant to the insurance population. A bit more than half of Americans (51%) believe that hobbies perceived to be dangerous, like skydiving, should lead to higher life insurance premiums. Webdemographic assumptions. @ [^ 2.04x. Nearly one in five (17%) American adults surveyed have neither employer-based nor individual life insurance. Webwith forward looking asset class capital market assumptions, as opposed to a less rigorous calculation using general historical returns for equities and fixed income. For example: 22% of American women surveyed lack life insurance, compared to only 11% of American men. From 1999 to 2009, another <> Age, family size and birth rate significantly influence the customers to buy life insurance cover (Berekson, 1972). To get the best possible experience please use the latest version of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Microsoft Edge to view this website. Given the difference in COD distribution between the general population and the WebFrom 1982 to 1999, moderately slow reduction in mortality returned, averaging 0.8 percent per year for males and 0.2 percent per year for females. In 1900, 565 per thousand were under this height. Web* Set up, test and maintain actuarial models for life insurance pricing, product development, and profitability analysis * Develop pricing assumptions and model inputs for life product development * Perform stress testing and scenario analysis in order to equip management to make strategic decisions Only about two in 10 Americans think driving records should not play a role in life insurance rates. 0000002603 00000 n Past performance is not indicative of future results. A wide variety of reasons may prompt people to decide whether or not to buy life insurance. %PDF-1.5 % 0000000796 00000 n For example, when underwriting life insurance policies, it is important to understand the probability that the insured might pass away during the policy period. Accountant vs. Actuary: What's the Difference? For example, if the average age of your employees is under 30, youre less likely to see as many dependents (spouses or children) than with an older workforce. Copyright 2022 Munich American Reassurance Company. The pandemic made American consumers consider life insurance more seriously, according to survey data from LIMRA. 0000011041 00000 n Group life cost projections are given The goal of this type of actuarial assumption is to establish a life expectancy for underwriting purposes. Actuarial assumptions also allow for the equitable transfer of risk in many situations. 0000011706 00000 n Credibility theory refers to tools, policies, and procedures used by actuaries when examining past data in order to estimate future risk. Since January 2020, there has been a 30% to 50% increase in online life insurance sales for companies with digital capabilities and algorithm-driven underwriting. Life insurance ownership can vary considerably across state lines, too, according to the American Council of Life Insurers. 0000001626 00000 n The SOA paper pointed out that general population mortality improvement has Survey data from LIMRA indicates about a third of American women planned to buy life insurance within the next year. endobj WebThe PBR Assumptions Resource Manual is intended to provide a ste p-by-step sample roadmap for updating actuarial assumptions for life insurance valuation purposes. The determinants of life insurance ownership observed in this study include socioeconomic and demographic factors. o Strong prevalence of breast cancer amongst the younger female population (below age 65)3. Webdemographic and other noneconomic assumptions for measuring obligations under defined benefit pension plans; and b. expands upon and, in some areas, modifies those You may also enjoy: "The 15 US states with the longest life expectancies" "7 agent FAQs on long-term care insurance" "This demographic avoids all types of Experience as a One of the most commonactuarial assumptionsmade by insurance companies is thelife expectancy projectionof a person seekinglife insurance. an US-Brger oder in eine andere Rechtsordnung, in der ein solches Angebot oder dessen Einholung rechtswidrig ist. Actuarial science is a discipline that assesses financial risks in the insurance and finance fields, using mathematical and statistical methods. %PDF-1.3 Wellness plans evolve from treatment to prevention for post-pandemic workforce, Tennessee Attorney General has legal concerns over abortion ban, COVID vaccine update: Government is changing its role. The process involves using statistical tools to determine thecorrelationof known values to possible outcomes for the unknown value. Interest rates and equity markets have declined, credit spreads have widened, and implied volatilities have increased. 0000004076 00000 n 1.99x. - Preparation of actuarial reports. Nearly Two-Thirds Say Covid Is A Key Motivator, Survey: Nearly 60% Would Lie About Using Marijuana To Get Better Life Insurance Quotes, Survey Exposes Gaps In Black Ownership of Life Insurance, Most Americans Against Credit, Crime And Marijuana Use In Life Insurance Rates, Paying for burial and other end-of-life expenses (83%), Supplementing lost income from the death of primary wage earner (68%), Uncertainty about life insurance; not sure how much or what type to buy (53%), Transferring wealth from one generation to the next (63%), According to results from a Forbes Advisor survey on. Policyholders can ask for an in-force illustration once a year, and they should get it within 30 days of making the request. Alle Personen, die ein Angebot annehmen mchten, mssen eine Adresse auerhalb der USA, Kanada, Japan und Australien fr den Erhalt jeglicher Finanzinstrumente oder Wertpapiere angeben. To help support our reporting work, and to continue our ability to provide this content for free to our readers, we receive compensation from the companies that advertise on the Forbes Advisor site. Almost half of underinsured or uninsured women say they need more life insurance. insurance population, it is likely that recent mortality trends may have impacted the two Web2. WebWhile the social and medical consequences of COVID-19 have been significant, the shock to the economy and markets is having a large impact on life insurance and annuity companies. Possible Portability. cR^V=.zG0trWcGm:>g6k1fTnVB~AB+ib)m5%*ujf5Uj$ $X@ q/R4UUim1X\pa{PO3R)|KC]b+QWV1F%~%A\W-Q A)VU+igEC/P5YF|bbB6vbE 85D*S@Z7Py\ORLbn The life insurance industry in the U.S. is vast, taking in billions of dollars in premiums each year. As underwriting methodology evolves, many companies are starting to remove fluid tests and introduce new underwriting tools. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. :z X4I'(@t=yWOY{sq bV:f})f&>.| 7vSikK J/@#s,Q 2m^h9 :^{M$xAZ ,Pue)m"Q5T]555DU wM4]< ,krP7$4W QX2\# :9Tj[em*l3Ghix0ymtT5N C>2&^faoduGykJ]0`C=Y. Knowing what percentage of Americans have life insurance and from where can be helpful in making personal decisions. slowed and even showed disimprovement in recent years, largely caused by the slowdown in heart disease improvements, which overshadowed the acceleration in cancer Group.life insurance policies are of 2 types one is Group term insurance and other one is Group.saving linked life insurance ( GSLI). While in firs 8.1%. WebLife insurance underwriting is known to be more effective at identifying certain risk factors than others, and each insurance portfolios COD distribution is impacted by the WebQuestion: A company prices its tornado insurance using the following assumptions: - In any calendar year, there can be at most one tornado. !function(){"usestrict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r=?,5_ V4b HL& H("\"BP=` `8@g`YWh3g2'23310aaI-Y.3s1a456~bfC&810v"L D ~ 0000002262 00000 n it is important to take the COD prevalence into consideration. 106 0 obj <>stream x\[k,7~7?>f`,}XBrTRINB8[|U? Jonathan Mattise and Kimberlee Kruesi | The Associated Press | Americans overall, but especially Black Americans, overestimate how expensive life insurance is. Millennials (45%), Black Americans (38%), men (33%) and those making more than $150,000 per year (42%) were the demographics in which the pandemic was the biggest motivator for buying life insurance. We believe that sharing our findings will lead to better understanding the key drivers behind emerged mortality improvement trends and hope to stimulate further discussions on how COD distribution can impact overall mortality trends in a life insurers block of business. Mortality rates and how policies are sold). An actuarial assumption might include predicting a person's lifespan given their age, gender, and health conditions. Access to other award-winning ALM websites including ThinkAdvisor.com and Law.com, Unlimited access to BenefitsPRO.com - your roadmap to thriving in a disrupted environment. (Annuities are on the rise and are now a bigger moneymaker for life insurance companies than traditional life insurance). Insurance companies use actuarial assumptions when calculating thelife expectancy projectionof a person seekinglife insurance. Something went wrong. The median coverage amount for white Americans with life insurance ($150,000) is three times higher than that of Black Americans ($50,000). Taking some numbers for Life Happens: 2022 Insurance Barometer Study. Anactuarial assumption can include analysis of the following: Actuarial assumptions are important because they help companies develop contingency plans for the future based on possible outcomes. Never hurts to try. The renewal of my auto policy for a 2012 Honda Fit was $1,600 (annual premium). Seemed high, to me. There are no black marks on 15% of respondents in a Forbes Advisor survey strongly believe unvaccinated people should pay more for life insurance due to vaccination status. Many Americans view life insurance as a means of protecting their families from unpaid debt. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. COVID will remain a public health priority for the federal government, with a focus on still providing tests, vaccines, and treatments free or at low cost to lower-income Americans. 2 0 obj Actuarial Actuarial assumptions involve mathematical and statistical models designed to evaluate risk and probabilities for a particular event. About 60% reported a heightened awareness of the value a life insurance might provide. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. If they did offer insurance, it would need to be more expensive to allow room for unexpected losses. 4 0 obj 2.06x. The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) has released its Quarterly Life Insurance Performance Statistics publication for the December 2022 quarter. 0000008946 00000 n Insurance rate calculation is a science. Even weather patterns affect insurance premiums. Actuary is responsible for premium calculation. 82 25 Among insured Americans, Black individuals (66%) are on average more likely to cite covering burial costs and final expenses as their main reason for buying life insurance than the overall population (48%). National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The December 2022 Quarterly Life Insurance Performance Statistics publication is available on APRAs website at: Quarterly life WebAppointed actuary. l9 - va *f Details about life insurance ownership among Black Americans provide an interesting contrast from overall coverage data. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. {s& kec}D'I!y>#" :LjdUlQH20J^#N*' vJ3Wo8'. %PDF-1.5 Changing any of the numbers and assumptions will result in large changes up or down in outcomes! endstream endobj Nearly six in 10 believe regular users of marijuana should not have to pay higher premiums as a result. Many life insurance owners say they wish theyd purchased life insurance sooner. P". Predictive analytics is the use of statistics and modeling techniques to determine future performance based on current and historical data. %PDF-1.4 % Actuarial measurements are often part of financial statementsand are an integral part of an organization's risk management practices. Of these women, 36% cited losing their job unexpectedly as the reason for losing coverage. About 30% of respondents indicated the pandemic made them more likely to buy life insurance. Bratislava. Webdemographic conditions. Life insurance and annuities were responsible for nearly half of the American insurance industrys net premiums in 2021. Actuaries who work for investment banks use statistical probabilities to help forecast the financial markets with the goal of reducing risk in an investment portfolio. Here are some of the details. Visit my Contact Your Carrier page for contact phone numbers and links to pay your bill online.I carefully screen all of the companies that I represent, so I know you will be well taken care of. Consider that in the U.S., 58 percent of men have coverage, whereas only 47 percent of women do, and that gap further increases for minorities and younger women. Among the younger generations, members of Generation X are more likely (52%) to consider simplified issue life insurance than age groups (47%). WebData Scientist. March 03, 2023. Assumptions on migration are not under review. After years 1 and 2, life insurance lapse rates trend down to around 4%, then spike up to around 7.5% in year 10. The mortality rates used should reflect the He remains most at home on a tractor, but has learned that opportunity is where he finds it and discomfort is more interesting than complacency. You might be using an unsupported or outdated browser. Actuarial assumptions involve mathematical and statistical models designed to evaluate risk and probabilities for a particular event. 64% of Americans aged 58 and older surveyed lack life insurance, compared to only 9% of Americans aged 18 to 25. The 0.8% gap (-0.4% vs +0.4%) between the initial population mortality improvement trend and the adjusted trend goes a long way towards explaining the differences in the rate of mortality changes between overall and insured populations from 2016 to 2017. Kdq at\?M8fb5;`G{Vg]D>KWLf$?lDJ2wy{,Zo? Nearly six in 10 do believe that its reasonable for risky drivers to pay higher premiums. 2015 While the group life insurance market comprises around 40 percent of the overall Signaling: Respondents report picking their level based on assumptions(39), Established in 1903, Assumption Mutual Life Insurance Company is one of the few national-level insurers headquartered in Atlantic Canada. Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Prescribed capital amount coverage ratio. Among Americans who have life insurance, roughly 70% indicate theyd still feel financially secure if the primary wage earner were to pass away. Actuarial service is one way corporations determine, assess, and plan for the financial impact of risk. f L7)#_+vk10-#'B^s2- 9w Kr596dT`PmF] 1h6K.`{t5 #%0T ct\J`i&5W cUoXw0xV-EWg lWXB\3Ia]5jF-QK@Z lTf@`gg"}&&}&cgkg*}U!-l According to recent statistics, there continues to be a gender gap when it comes to life insurance coverage: men are better protected than women. WebThe aim of this paper is to analyze social and demographic determinants of life insurance demand in Republic of Croatia. Almost 60% of respondents to a Forbes Advisor survey on marijuana and life insurance indicated theyd have reservations about applying for life insurance if they legally used marijuana. Pay your bill? As the U.S. population ages, the country faces a serious demographic problem, said Tyler Brown, director of government affairs for North American Co. % We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. 44% of American households would encounter significant financial difficulties within half a year if they lost the primary wage earner in the family, and 28% would reach this point in only a month. All Rights Reserved. HSBC Life is a world-class institution where you can specialize in Insurance but enjoy the advantages that come with being part of a leading global international bank. An actuarial consultant is a professional who advises clients on investment, insurance, and pension-related decisions. With a population of over one billion, national and international life insurance companies, see India as a land of opportunities and a market for big business. Although actuarial assumptions are typically used for mortality analysis with life insurance, the same methodologies are also applied to other types of insurance, including liability and property insurance. White respondents (64%) to a Forbes Advisor survey were much more likely to indicate this view than Black respondents (37%). Eight out of 10 consumers overestimate the expense of getting a life insurance policy, according to a study by LIMRA and Life Happens. 18 While that increase was dominated by those under age 45, 19 even 29% of our survey respondents over age 61 were interested in using online channels for purchasing (figure 5). Many life insurance statistics also vary considerably across racial demographics. This type of market segmentation gets the job done in markets with little competition. xb```FVKB 0@Qk Roughly six in 10 men own life insurance, while for women its less than one in five. zCO5]n~gneesy2{I-_e|Q/qd`3RU|R{k2eCfDO?h8";k_h\&:CcCQUB\eK#&mx*#]&B U8sPck[jWh#PV~&yK]MY-UV;n.WY3Ny~OyN yy=}$Le`CImP=79rWh4Jz{mDkY1WbWV3ejaN{Qpc[KO6>Nm2i":00(/%RD EeONH;n=r''b#WJ?r]DzV/d~^F!qKz*29a3;>fziTfw;],dq!M]99> l4=gc'bi/I+%]-ZWSs#|11t:guH{P+NyTAtw#`aT:hW1J{VC,[`9[:B[Q!Y.4RSE. The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted some perceptions and realities of the insurance industry, particularly the life insurance industry. Your article was successfully shared with the contacts you provided. This negative improvement trend was changed to a slightly positive +0.1% when we excluded opioids from the calculation. Annahmen oder andere sich auf ein Angebot beziehende Unterlagen drfen nicht postalisch in den Vereinigten Staaten, Kanada, Australien oder Japan frankiert oder abgestempelt werden. endobj About four in 10 men describe themselves as being very knowledgeable about life insurance. At 18 he ran away and saw the world with a backpack and a credit card, discovering that the true value of any point or mile is the experience it facilitates. There are 2 main factor taken , average age of group the group and nature of work involved that particular group . The increase in life insurance claims resulting from the pandemic has not substantially impacted the bottom line for life insurers, yet 20% of survey respondents believe life insurance companies are struggling financially due to the impacts of Covid-19. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. Ongoing work to improve the consumer and advisor sales experience in Canada. Commissions do not affect our editors' opinions or evaluations. All Rights Reserved. endstream endobj 83 0 obj <> endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 85 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 86 0 obj <> endobj 87 0 obj [/ICCBased 97 0 R] endobj 88 0 obj [/Indexed 87 0 R 207 98 0 R] endobj 89 0 obj [/Indexed 87 0 R 214 100 0 R] endobj 90 0 obj [/Indexed 87 0 R 192 102 0 R] endobj 91 0 obj [/Indexed 87 0 R 255 104 0 R] endobj 92 0 obj <> endobj 93 0 obj <> endobj 94 0 obj <>stream xb```\V ,@Q(w96MQx-N9wr6ERr@T ohqAMl7u, Average value of a Life policy is $168,000, extra deaths are around 560,000 for three years and half of Americans have some form of Life insurance. an office environment such as a law firm Copyright 2023 ALM Global, LLC. Webless life insurance products than the families with house wives. This assumption is analyzed separately as part of the Asset Liability Management (ALM) BenefitsPro Broker Expo will help attendees prepare for new issues, embrace new challenges and find new solutions. Without the ability to accurately calculate these probabilities, few companies would be willing to provide insurance. But heart disease improvement has slowed notably in more recent periods. This is likely due to buyers regret and/or further comparison shopping. 3 0 obj >H0.RHx %0_R[g.>A>!#0-O\ a(ipW+hE,%R@=t9d. When someone applies for life insurance, aninsurance company actuary considers theproposed insured's age, height, weight, gender, tobacco usage,and certain data points relating to their health history. 0000007012 00000 n One in three disagree that unvaccinated people should pay more. While having life insurance is common, simply having a policy doesn't necessarily equate to adequate coverage. 0000003537 00000 n Life insurance ownership by women is on the decline. Risk analysis is the process of assessing the likelihood of an adverse event occurring within the corporate, government, or environmental sector. For women, this figure is about two in 10. "H.R. How much a life insurance company pays out on a specific claim depends, of course, on the terms of the policy. Faxbertragung, Telex oder Telefon) des Zwischenstaatlichen- oder Auenhandels, noch irgendwelche Einrichtungen einer inlndischen Wertpapierbrse der Vereinigten Staaten, Kanadas, Australiens oder Japans fr irgendeinen Zweck benutzen, der direkt oder indirekt mit der Annahme eines Angebots zusammenhngt. Need to make a claim? Folglich wurden diese Finanzinstrumente oder Wertpapiere sowie diesbezgliche Angebote (i) weder nach dem Amerikanischen Wertpapiergesetz noch nach einem Gesetz eines US-Bundesstaates registriert; (ii) diese Finanzinstrumente oder Wertpapiere drfen nicht direkt oder indirekt in oder in die Vereinigten Staaten angeboten, verkauft, wiederverkauft, verpfndet oder geliefert werden, es sei denn, es liegt eine Befreiung von den Registrierungsanforderungen des Amerikanischen Wertpapiergesetzes vor; und (iii) solche Finanzinstrumente oder Wertpapiere knnen dem US-Steuerrecht unterliegen. <> /Font <> /ExtGState <>>> /Contents 2 0 R>> In total, its estimated that more than 100 million Americans are either underinsured or completely uninsured. Your financial situation is unique and the products and services we review may not be right for your circumstances. Men are about 10% more likely than women to view life insurance as a supplement for retirement income. endobj WebThis position is a department subject matter expert on principle-based life statutory and tax reserving and the corresponding actuarial financial reporting and controls. 3763: Sarbanes-Oxley Act." Or just have a question for your carrier? Opioid deaths4 were a key driver behind the 2017 deterioration in accidents. 0000013791 00000 n All Rights Reserved. For example, even if a new underwriting method can fully offset the mortality A/E impact from removing fluid tests, it may still have a secondary impact on mortality improvement trends, because it may be identifying a different portfolio of individuals. This agenda item contains recommendations for new actuarial assumptions, as well as a copy of the Experience Study report. %PDF-1.5 % Actuarial assumptions have broad applications, including in the finance industry, economics, computer programming, and in the insurance industry. - In any calendar year, the probability of a tornado is 0.01. endobj Some Americans report valuing life insurance as a way to pass along generational wealth. How Being Nonbinary Affects Getting Life Insurance, Discrimination in Insurance Underwriting Guidelines. <>/PageLabels 362 0 R>> 0000002354 00000 n M~]2s z/5Cp+cQ%`dN_ WebQualified Actuary with UK citizenship having 16 years of post qualification experience and more than 19 years of overall experience.

Worked in life insurance companies across UK and India as well as in a Big 4 actuarial consultancy in the UK

Extensive experience in areas such as valuation, product development & pricing, business planning, $3.29 trillion Face amount of life insurance policy purchases in the United States [3] 0000002308 00000 n When actuaries review mortality improvement experience and set future mortality improvement assumptions, FYIwB{:$l:!yANq' {zr9Wi%dH%Nx0g;{sxFV2_`pljM= u}WvOCvy3jLa*ZxuH5 *d]zEP=}:y'%z the trend can look different for the life insurance population when COD prevalence is taken into consideration. WebThe National Association of Insurance Commissioners Life Insurance Illustrations Model Regulation ( Model #582) says that insurance companies have to give you in-force illustrations. U.S. Congress. Accessed July 6, 2021. Webdemographic assumption selected by the actuary should be consistent with the others unless the assumption, considered individually, is not material. 64% of Americans aged 58 and older surveyed lack life insurance, compared to only 9% of Americans aged 18 to 25. Katrina vila Munichiello is an experienced editor, writer, fact-checker, and proofreader with more than fourteen years of experience working with print and online publications. 0000002680 00000 n - Life insurance product development. Among Black Americans, this figure is 51%. Charlene Rhinehart is a CPA , CFE, chair of an Illinois CPA Society committee, and has a degree in accounting and finance from DePaul University. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>

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