massachusetts bay colony ships passenger lists

departed Yarmouth, Isle of Wight on April 8,[6] 1600-1775, United States, Massachusetts - Emigration and immigration - Indexes, United States, Massachusetts - Emigration and immigration - Periodicals, United States, Massachusetts - Minorities, United States, Massachusetts - Minorities - Genealogy, United States, Massachusetts - Minorities - Genealogy - Periodicals, United States, Massachusetts - Minorities - Vital records, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts, New England Historic Genealogical Society, University of Massachusetts Amherst Library, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Emigration_and_Immigration&oldid=5229770. if joining a relative, who this person was, where they lived, and their relationship. Island New York Ships Passenger Lists 1894-1927 & Naturalization UEAuXhA>wI S+4. Hull Company 20 March. Copyright not renewed as per Stanford database.Irregular pagination.Uneven binding.Damaged pages 47-48 -61-62 off from the spine. . John Winthrop. 0000007162 00000 n SHIPS IN BOLD ARE NOT FINISHED - MORE INFO/LINKS AT Marcus Lee Hansen in The Atlantic Migration 1607-1860 wrote: "The company had no trouble in finding congregational groups willing to go, and the groups and no trouble in recruiting members. The Great Puritan Migration was a period in the 17th century during which English puritans migrated to New England, the Chesapeake and the West Indies.. English migration to Massachusetts consisted of a few hundred pilgrims who went to Plymouth Colony in the 1620s and between 13,000 and 21,000 emigrants who went to the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1630 and 1642. $@(qij``*f>>\ 4W e2iH/Uby c'L8=x1J .`Knf|J`p76)4o-|? ports of arrival - Virginia, Connecticut, Great Migration usually refers to English migrants of this period: Andrew Ford Acquired Property in the Plymouth Colony to . LOVE, POVERTY, WAR AND Also by Christopher Hitchens BLOOD, CLASS AND EMPIRE: The Enduring Anglo-American Relationship A LONG SHORT WAR: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq WHY ORWELL MATTERS LEFT HOOKS, RIGHT CROSSES: A Decade of Political Writing (edited with Christopher Caldwell) LETTERS TO A YOUNG CONTRARIAN THE TRIAL OF HENRY KISSINGER BLAMING THE VICTIMS: Spurious Scholarship and the . Massachusetts Bay Colony included parts of New England, centered around Boston and Salem. the remainder following in two or three weeks. Boston, 1821-1850 Ships Passenger ListsShips Passenger Lists Index, 1500s-1900s Indexed CD with names of approximately 3,530,000 individuals who arrived in United States and Canadian ports. Coldham, Peter Wilson. Opt Hazrard. In 1629, Rev Francis Higginson led a group of 350 settlers on 6 ships that settled at Salem, Massachusetts. Boston, Massachusetts. Texas, Georgia, Private Messages: From The Great Migration of Picky Puritans, 1620-40 New England Historical Society. Had 3 voyages, 1607 (Maine), 1630 (Salem) and 1634 (Boston). In the 1870s large numbers of Canadians, especially French Canadians, began to move overland into the state. He temporarily dissolved Parliament in 1626, and again the next year, before dissolving it permanently in March 1629. The Recovery, Master Gabriel Cornish, 1633; The Christian, Master John White, sailed March 1634/35; The Elizabeth & Ann, Master Robert Cooper, sailed May, 1635; The Susan & Ellin, Master Edward Payne, sailed May, 1635; The Defence, Master Edward Bostocke, sailed July, 1635; The Truelove, Master John Gibbs, sailed September, 1635. - no passengers Or search online Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s [$], If you don't find your ancestor on my ships' pages, try genealogy records on Ancestry.com. Questions. During the early and mid-19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; Later in the 20th century, immigration from, Massachusetts is home to a small community of. The item The planters of the Commonwealth : a study of the emigrants and emigration in colonial times: to which are added lists of passengers to Boston and to the Bay Colony; the ships which brought them; their English homes and the places of their settlement in Massachusetts, 1620-1640, by Charles Edward Banks represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual . Well documented with sources cited. Familypedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Many of these port records are included in the online records listed above. Irons, E.A., "Isaac Johnson: A Memoir", The Rutland Magazine and County Historical Record, 1908, Volume 3, Rutland Archaeological and Natural History Society, Chas. But there was plenty of frontier farther into the interior. Left wild hogs for a meat supply. But the population of New England grew anyway. For privacy reasons, some records can only be accessed after providing proof that your ancestor is now deceased. A significant change in immigration patterns occurred after 1880. The ship logo, which . Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The ship was part of the Higginson fleet of ships bringing newcomers to Salem and Charlestown, Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans were actually leaving stable economic lives in a corrupt England for an uncertain future in a land where they could build a City Upon a Hill. The 'Mayflower' pilgrims left Plymouth, England on Sept. 6, 1620 and arrived Nov. 11, 1620. 15. met steamtug Titan. Ezekiel Richardson, COnverse and Mousall were some of the original founders of Woburn ( from Charlestown). Copyright 1996-presentThese pages may be freely linked to but not duplicated in any fashion without my written consent. Although many records are included in the online records listed above, there are other records available through these archives and offices. want to reform Church of England with new church in New World. 0000001011 00000 n Hudson, William, Susan, Francis, William Jr. John, Anne, Judith, Mary, James, John, WIlliam Jr. Lamb, Thomas, Elizabeth, Thomas Jr., John, Samuel, Mills, John, Susan, Joy, Mary, John Jr., Susanna, Recompense, Nowell, Increase, Parnell (Gray), Jane, Sarah, Lyn (see Audley), See Olcott, First founder of Hartford, md Abigail Porter, Palsgrave, Richard, Anne, John, Anna, Mary, Sarah, >Captain of Militia, later shot dead by Dutch Soldier in New Haven CT, Minister of 1st Congregational Church in Watertown MA. Anderson, Robert C. The Great Migration: Immigrants to New England, 16231633. New England, Connecticut Colony, Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Province of New Hampshire, and Colony of Rhode Island Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640) from 1620 - 1640; thereafter sharp decline for a time. Lists names, dates, and brief information about each immigrant and sources for further research. Chesapeake Colony Ships; The Puritans lived longer and healthier lives, and formed large, healthy families. See Wikipedia, major figure in Antonimum Conspiracy with Anne Hutchinson. The group, led by Governor John Winthrop, sailed from April to July of 1630. The records indicate that the ship actually arrived in Massachusetts, but other references mention that the . https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fry-801 using, Speedwell ||Weymouth, England | New England]], Categories: Immigrant Ships to America | Puritan Great Migration | Massachusetts Bay Colonists | 17th Century American Immigration | New England History | Barbados Ships | Great Migration Ships, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. If you don't find your immigrant ancestor in a large port city, try smaller You must first identify the name of the town where your ancestors lived to access those records. When the first U.S. census was taken in 1790, New England had a population of 1,009,522. ). on the Internet. 0000006497 00000 n 0000001819 00000 n They believed in complete separation from the corrupt Anglican church. A ship, said to be one of Eagle k Hazard's New Orleans Steamships Humboldt. The ship "Mary and John" sailed March 20, 1630 from Plymouth, Devon, arrived in Massachusetts Bay in the bounds of the territory of the company headed by Winthrop. More moderate Puritans only sought to purify and reform the Church of England. Winthrop brought 800 people with him to New England; 20,000 followed him over the next 10 years. There were a few days of severe weather, and every day was cold. These first Massachusetts Bay settlers, numbering scarcely one thousand, hailed mainly from the English counties of Suffolk, Essex and Dorset. Massachusetts Bay Colony was a 17th Century British settlement and political unit on the east coast of North America. Each volume is indexed, with a cumulative index at the end of volume 3. An associated political movement attempted to modify religious practice in England to conform to their views, and King James I wished to suppress this growing movement. Some of the 400 remaining settlers stayed in Salem, but many moved on to Boston, Watertown, or other settlements. Lori Case Ships Or search online. She is number 78: Reynolds Sarah 20, #36. After 1880. Son Edward, born and died shortly after arrival. Founders of Early American Families: Emigrants from Europe 16071657. Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630-1691) Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 1628-1686. 1624: first English ship, Olive Blossom, arrives. 0000005127 00000 n But her search into the past leads her to a dark secret. Supplemental volumes have been issued annually. An alphabetical list of English convicts transported to colonial America. Middle Colony Ships; They were different from the poor, single male immigrants who predominated immigration to other regions of America. The Maritime Heritage Project, started in 1997, is a free research tool for those seeking history of passengers, ships, captains, merchants and merchandise sailing into California during the mid-to-late 1800s. The first three volumes are a combined alphabetical index that was published in 1981. 0000002888 00000 n Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640), https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Reynolds-326, https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Category:Great_Migration_Ships. His profile (which is really bad) says his first recorded appearance was 1656 so I'm not sure why anybody thinks he was here in 1642. Sometimes also listed as Port of Boston/Charlestown 1635 The Rev. URL: http://olivetreegenealogy.com/ trailer << /Size 218 /Info 182 0 R /Root 186 0 R /Prev 119624 /ID[<195bffabf0cae1772ba7a478a07b661e><54913404a3ea0ee2cddbe2e57855ccb6>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 186 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 184 0 R /Metadata 183 0 R /Outlines 16 0 R /OpenAction [ 188 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 181 0 R /StructTreeRoot 187 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20080705085627)>> >> /LastModified (D:20080705085627) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 187 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 18 0 R /ClassMap 21 0 R /K 167 0 R /ParentTree 168 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 5 >> endobj 216 0 obj << /S 124 /O 214 /L 230 /C 246 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 217 0 R >> stream Prior to 1685 there were two separate colonies within the boundaries of present-day Massachusetts. There are three sets of passenger lists: The "A" lists are the Captains' Lists of passengers being imported; "B" lists are Oaths of Allegiance to the King; and "C" lists are Oaths of Abjuration from the Pope. Glenn Youngkin banned the use of several Chinese-owned apps, including TikTok and WeChat, on state government Other passengers of historical significance include: A complete list of passengers is maintained by The Winthrop Society,[12] a hereditary organization of descendants of the Winthrop Fleet and later Great Migration ships that arrived before 1634. The well-planned and financed expedition was lead by Governor John Winthrop, who transported seven hundred Puritan immigrants from the religious turmoil in England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the spring of 1630. BF.I/OW. tedious research for other people.If you copy any of these pages, please acknowledge Anne Stevens did the work. I cannot seem to find a list for the Scorpion. Sarah is the only Reynolds on this passenger's list. Being the first two well-known places in which the English would set out to colonize in 1607 and 1620, Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth, Massachusetts hold very separate set of beliefs, standards, and outlooks on life then and the future to come. Winthrop Fleet of 1630 (an early part of the Great Migration) was the largest fleet ever assembled to carry Englishmen overseas to a new homeland. Arthur Roker, aged 20 enlisted of the Ann & Elizabeth setting sail for Barbadoes. Immigration refers to people coming into a country. whether the passenger had ever been in prison, a poorhouse, or in an institution for the insane. 0000004468 00000 n A multi-volume set that includes laws, orders, deeds, and other types of records drafted during this period. It is open to all men and women of good character and proven descent from one or more passengers of the Winthrop fleet, or of others who settled in the Bay Colony and Down East* by the end of 1640. Abigail, sailed 1636 Alexander, sailed 1635 Amity, sailed February 27, 1626 Amity, sailed 1635 Angel Gabriel, sailed June 4, 1635 (0, 9, 0) Ann and Elizabeth, 1635 (0, 3, 0) Anne, sailed 1623 (0, 47, 2) B Bachelor, sailed Aug 11, 1635 (0, 3, 0) Bevis (Beuis), sailed May 1638 (0, 6, 0) Bird, sailed 1633 (0, 1, 0) Are you certain of the name or spelling? By the mid-1640s its population numbered about 3,000 people. Up to 1880. A wave of Italian and Portuguese immigration began in the late 1880s and reached its high point just prior to World War I. Russians, Russian Jews, and people from Poland and other Slavic countries came in large numbers in the early 20th century. 1700 . See his profile. Serving as governor 31 times, he helped Massachusetts draft its legal code and facilitated a community centered on private agriculture and religious tolerance. last residence, final destination in the U.S.. whether they had been to the U.S. before (and if so, when, where and how long). Later Wife of Dea. Over 7100 families and 290 ships, Read this before you email Anne: In any case, a 1642 arrival, if true would make him inelgible for the PGM project. [4] However, the colony leaders and the bulk of the colonists remained in England for the time being to plan more thoroughly for the success of the new colony. John Gove, of Cambridge. 1664 in Addition to his land in Weymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony. border crossing records (Saint Albans Lists). They were not the first settlers of the area; there was an existing settlement at Salem, started in about 1626 and populated by a few hundred Puritans governed by John Endicott, most of whom had arrived in 1629. Olive Tree Genealogy was chosen by Family Tree Magazine as one of the 101 Best Genealogy Websites 2017! Garden New York Ships Passenger Lists 1855-1890, Ellis In October 1629, the group who remained in England elected John Winthrop to be Governor of the Fleet and the Colony. The remaining settlers either stayed in Salem or moved on to Boston or Watertown. . With thanks to GreatMigration.org and The Atlantic Migration 1607-1860 by Marcus Lee Hansen. web pages Do you have any other documentation about him? Indexed CD with names of approximately 3,530,000 individuals who arrived in United States and Canadian ports. She and her husband head to Salt Lake City Utah to research Janie's elusive 4th great-grandmother. Uploaded by Town co-founder, Pickering, John, Esther, George, John Jr., Joan, Pierce, John, Parnell, Experience, Mercy, Samuel. I would look for actual primary records for him and then try to work backwards to a likely arrival date and place. 1600s. Mayflower Passengers Below is a list of all the passengers on board the Mayflower that ultimately sailed to New England in 1620 as given by William Bradford. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 16611669 A list of those who emigrated from England to America, including those who were deported and those sold into labor. A fleet of five ships had departed a month previously for New England that included approximately 300 colonists led by Francis Higginson. Charles, a high Anglican, embraced religious spectacle and persecuted Puritans. Passengers on these first four ships were called the "Old Comers" of Plymouth Colony, and were given special treatment in later colonial affairs. When I moved it I didn't catch and fix the internal link. The great migration stopped, and some settlers returned to England to fight the war. b`:H/b`0h0 90 endstream endobj 217 0 obj 207 endobj 188 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 184 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS0 193 0 R /CS1 194 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 211 0 R /GS1 212 0 R >> /Font << /TT0 190 0 R /TT1 192 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Contents [ 196 0 R 198 0 R 200 0 R 202 0 R 204 0 R 206 0 R 208 0 R 210 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 >> endobj 189 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /ALJGAP+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 214 0 R >> endobj 190 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 250 333 0 0 500 500 500 0 500 0 500 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 0 667 0 0 0 389 0 0 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 0 444 0 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 0 0 444 389 333 556 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ALJGAN+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 191 0 R >> endobj 191 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /ALJGAN+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 213 0 R >> endobj 192 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 500 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 0 722 944 0 722 0 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 444 444 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ALJGAP+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 189 0 R >> endobj 193 0 obj [ /ICCBased 215 0 R ] endobj 194 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 195 0 obj 577 endobj 196 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 195 0 R >> stream 16. TheShipsList website, online since August 1999, will help you find your ancestors on ships' passenger lists.We also have immigration reports, newspaper records, shipwreck information, ship pictures, ship descriptions, shipping-line fleet lists and more; as well as hundreds of passenger lists to Canada, USA, Australia and even some for South This important work is the best, if not the only place to go for tracing relatives to early colonial America and beyond. Gave birth in May 1630 in England. I added a bit to Robert Reynolds-326 profile on the apparent (unsourced) origin of the George Reynolds/Thomasyn Church parentage theory and the also-unsourced Virginia/New England theory of their children's dispersal. If they arrived early enough in a new town to become a proprietor, they would share in the distribution of land. Canada-U.S. 0000003696 00000 n They disagreed with the practices of the Church of England, whose rituals they viewed as superstitions. on NARA microfilm, Castle 11 vols. North Carolina, Maine, Rhode Arrival of the Winthrop Colony, by William F. Halsall. 0000006475 00000 n 1536: Portuguese visit, but leave it unclaimed. In the 1623 land division the family was assigned 4 lots under her name as "Widow Foord." In 1626 she married Mayflower passenger Peter Browne. An individual being transported may be found on one or all of the three lists. The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony were the most extreme of the Puritan sect. Records in the countries emigrated from are kept on the local level. You probably saw the Poland-24 profile and from what I can tell, those are secondary sources which don't cite their primary sources. Can anyone point me in the right direction on what sources or repositories I should be checking for a passenger list from 1642 for the ship Scorpion? D'Addezio - wide scope of years with ships and passaengers She participated in. Hb```f``} John Winthrop. The children were cold and bored, and there is a description of a game played with a rope that helped with both problems. Some 35 passengers, family and friends who had remained in Leiden sailed on a ship called the Mayflower but which was not the original ship that came to Plymouth in 1620. Step 3: Over the ensuing winter, the leaders recruited a large group of Puritan families, representing all manner of skilled labor to ensure a robust colony. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Can she solve the mysteries of the past and the present before disaster strikes? She may have come later, by herself. Ships of the Great Migration listed chronologically Great Migration: Passengers of the Mayflower, 1620 Great Migration: Passengers of the Fortune, 1621 Great Migration: Passengers of the Sparrow, 1622 Great Migration: Passengers of the Anne & Little James, 1623 Great Migration: Passengers of the Abigail, 1628 Alexander Brown, "The first republic in America", Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1898 - 688 pages. Most of the Puritans who came to New England were prosperous middle-class families. Step 4: These usually contained the individual's name, description of individual, and age. A rage of emigration swept through the eastern and midland counties of England, arousing in the authorities an apprehension which was to be shared by many other local officials of Europe during the next two and a half centuries. Genealogical information about the early immigrants to New England. Can you help? The Puritan population in England had been growing for several years leading up to this time. Possibly joined by wife Mary and infant daughter Mary. Ships Passenger Lists to U.S.A. 1624 De Eendracht Sailed from Amsterdam January 25, 1624 Reconstructed list April 22, 2004 Nieuw Nederland (New Netherland Sailed from Amsterdam March 30, 1624 Reconstructed list April 22, 2004 1625 List of ships sailing to Virginia 1625, 1626 & 1635 Ships Passenger Lists to USA by Year of Arrival 1400-1600 1600-1630 0000005756 00000 n Significant immigration from other European countries began in the 1840s, when many people came to work in the textile mills. This family were some of the 700+ Passengers of the Winthrop Fleet which sailed from England to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Salem in 1630 under the guidance of Gov. King Charles I gave the Great Migration an impetus when he dissolved Parliament in 1629 and began the Eleven Years Tyranny. Pilgrim Ship Lists Early 1600's Or that the Roker spelling is significantly different from other records, that we cannot find him. Bradford was one of the Mayflower passengers to sign the Mayflower compact upon arriving in Massachusetts in 1920. The following sources for immigrants to Massachusetts will be helpful: The following CDs may also be helpful Frequently Asked James' son Charles came into direct conflict with Parliament, and viewed them as a threat to his authority. 0000007865 00000 n 0000005778 00000 n Every American with immigrant ancestors needs the "Passenger and Immigration List Index: 2012 edition, 1500s-1900s" especially for those seeking ancestors prior to the 1820s. Plymouth Colony was first settled in 1620. Records. I just created this page because it was initially on the top of the category page and category pages aren't supposed to have this much text on it. primarily Puritans going to Mass. 0000027558 00000 n from 1620 - 1640; thereafter sharp decline for a time. Coldham, Peter Wilson. Search the history of over 797 billion (Best for messages specifically directed to those editing this profile. Libraries with large genealogical collections, such as the, Order copies of passenger arrival records with, As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of. I have found references in genealogies to a Thomas Poland landing in Lynn, MA in 1642 on the ship Scorpion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930. Immigrant Ships To America/First Families/Winthrop Fleet, French, Susanna (Riddlesdale) (1584-1658), Massachusetts Bay Colony - A Puritan colony. The USCIS Genealogy Program is a fee-for-service program that provides researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records of deceased immigrants. Seven hundred men, women, and children were distributed among the ships of the fleet. "Massachusetts: Race and Ancestry", in Wikipedia, United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records, All U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s, The Planters of the Commonwealth in Massachusetts, 1620-1640, Seaman's Protection Certificate Register Database, Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild Boston Arrivals Vol. One could argue the Arbella's arrival had a greater impact on the colonization of New England than the Mayflower 10 years earlier. Immigrant Ships To America/First Families/Winthrop Fleet, The William & Francis, Master _____ Thomas, sailed March 9, 1632.*. 0000001366 00000 n Usually gives name, age, occupation, residence, ship, destination, and precise source citation. Prior to 1880 about 95 percent of the overseas immigrants to Massachusetts came from Britain, Ireland, and northern Europe. Mary & John Clearing House The Mary & John 1630 sailed with 140 passengers that have never been found on an official passenger list. [notes 1] The flow of Puritans to New England continued for another ten years, during a period known as the Great Migration.